"How Renaissance Science Addressed the Challenge of Overpopulation" explores the efforts of Renaissance scholars to understand and address the implications of rapid population growth. During this period of significant scientific and intellectual advancement, thinkers such as Giovanni Botero began to analyze the effects of overpopulation on resources and social structures. Through the application of emerging scientific methods in biology, astronomy, and statistics, these scholars developed early theories on population dynamics and resource management. Their work highlighted the potential risks of overpopulation, such as environmental degradation and societal strain, and offered foundational insights into how these issues might be mitigated. This exploration demonstrates how Renaissance Science contributed to shaping early concepts of sustainable development and laid the groundwork for future studies on managing population growth and its impact.